There are two primary methods of sterilization to render an individual infertile, tubal ligation and vasectomy.
Both are highly effective methods, and both should be considered permanent. Occasionally, with considerable surgical effort and good fortune, they can be reversed, but this is by no means an assured outcome. Sterilization should not be chosen if the patient has any intention of seeking a pregnancy at a later time.
Tubal ligations can be performed in a number of different ways, including an outpatient office procedure (Essure), outpatient laparoscopic surgery, post partum surgery, or during a cesarean section. All involve blocking the fallopian tubes, keeping sperm from reaching the egg. The tube may be obstructed, crushed, cut, burned, ligated, clipped, or removed. All are approximately 99% effective (failure rate of about 1%). All have potential complications, but they are, for the most part, limited to the usual surgical complications of bleeding, infection, anesthesia problems and injury to adjacent structures. Other than pregnancy, long-term complications are rare.
The advantages to tubal ligation are reliable, permanent sterilization, with no need for hormones, mechanical or chemical methods to prevent further pregnancy. Depending on how the procedure is performed, there may be a subsequent reduction in the risk of ovarian cancer. The disadvantages relate primarily to the surgical procedure itself:.
The cost of tubal ligation varies, depending on the setting. Performed during a repeat cesarean section, it adds little to the cost of the procedure. Performed as a separate procedure, the cost is typically that of a major abdominal surgery. Health insurance coverage varies.
Vasectomy is a highly effective method of permanent male sterilization.
This surgical procedure is usually performed as an outpatient, using local anesthetic, and lasting a few minutes. The vas deferens (tube connecting the testicle to the urethra) on each side is tied off. After a number of later ejaculations, during which the remaining downstream sperm disappear from the system, permanent sterilization is achieved.
It is approximately 99% effective (failure rate of about 1%).
It should be considered permanent and irreversible, although in some cases, it can be reversed. The greatest success rates at reversal are achieved if reversal occurs soon after the vasectomy. The longer reversal is delayed, the less effective it is likely to be. For men who may wish to have children in the future, vasectomy is not a good choice.
The advantages are permanent sterilization, with no need for hormones, mechanical or chemical methods to prevent further pregnancy.
The disadvantages relate primarily to the surgical procedure itself: infection, bleeding, injury to other organs, and anesthesia complications. These are uncommon with this type of surgery.
The cost of vasectomy varies with the clinical setting and technique, but ranges between $300 and $1500, about one quarter the cost of many tubal ligations.