a. Fetal Heart Sounds. The fetal heart begins beating by the 24th day following conception. It is audible with a doppler by 10 weeks of pregnancy and with a fetoscope after the 16th week (see figure 3-5). It is not to be confused with uterine souffle or swishlike tone from pulsating uterine arteries. The normal fetal heart rate is 120 to 160 beats.

b. Ultrasound Scanning of the Fetus. The gestation sac can be seen and photographed. An embryo as early as the 4th week after conception can be identified. The fetal parts begin to appear by the 10th week of gestation.

c. Palpation of the Entire Fetus. Palpation must include the fetus head, back, and upper and lower body parts. This is a positive sign after the 24th week of pregnancy if the woman is not obese.

d. Palpation of Fetal Movement. This is done by a trained examiner. It is easily elicited after 24 weeks of pregnancy.

e. X-ray. An x-ray will identify the entire fetal skeleton by the 12th week. In utero, the fetus receives total body radiation that may lead to genetic or gonadal alterations. An x-ray is not a recommended test for identifying pregnancy.

f. Actual Delivery of An Infant. Self-explanatory.