Operational Obstetrics & Gynecology
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
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Editorial Note: This information was valid in 2000 when it was first published by the Navy. Since then, more information has become available.
More current information can be found here.
IUDs have been known and used for thousands of years in large domestic animals, but only recently have they been used by humans.
Modern IUDs are easily inserted, have a very high effectiveness rate (98-99%), and are well-tolerated by most of the women who use them. Their effectiveness continues for varying lengths of time, depending on the type of IUD. The "Copper T 380A," used frequently in the United States, can remain in place for 10 years before removal is recommended.
IUDs tend to make menstrual flows somewhat heavier, crampier and longer, a consideration in assessing the appropriateness of an IUD for any individual patient.
The Dalkon Shield
While many IUDs were known to be safe and effective, one in particular, the Dalkon Shield, seemed to have more than its' share of problems, the most important of which was infection. Pelvic infections, infrequent and usually minor with the other IUDs, tended to be more frequent and more severe among Dalkon Shield users. Many of these infections were so serious as to render the patient permanently sterile or to necessitate a hysterectomy.
There were two reasons for these infections; a design flaw and a marketing flaw. The design flaw was located in the "tail" or string used to remove the IUD. After insertion, the string is left protruding through the cervix so it is visible on pelvic exam. This confirms that the IUD is correctly placed and facilitates removal at a later date. The Dalkon Shield string was made up of many tiny plastic filaments and encased in a plastic sheath. This design inadvertently caused the string to act as a wick, constantly drawing vaginal bacteria up through the cervix and into the uterine cavity where they could cause infection. The other IUDs had monofilament strings which did not have the same wicking capacity. The design, in retrospect, predisposed the Dalkon Shield to infections.
The marketing flaw was to promote IUD among young, single women without children. These women tended to have greater risk of exposure to sexually transmitted disease and multiple sexual partners. They tended to be more likely to seek medical attention late in the course of the illness. The consequences of permanent infertility among these young women was devastating.
While the design and marketing flaws of the Dalkon Shield are of primarily historical interest, the lessons learned at a terrible cost should not be forgotten in looking at more modern IUDs.
With the newer designs, the risk of infection has been significantly reduced. Sooner or later, about 3-5% of IUDs will be removed because of infection. Most of these infections are minor, with mild symptoms of vague pelvic discomfort, painful intercourse and possibly a low-grade fever. The uterus is tender to palpation although the adnexa usually are not. Treatment of such mild infections generally involves prompt removal of the IUD, oral broad spectrum antibiotics and complete resolution of symptoms. Infertility following such mild infections is uncommon.
With the less common, serious infections, a high fever can be found, movement of the cervix causes excruciating discomfort and the adnexa are extremely tender. In addition to prompt removal of the IUD, IV antibiotics are recommended to treat this moderate to severe PID. In these cases, recovery is generally slow (days to weeks) and infertility is a distinct possibility.
The overall risk of perforation of the IUD through the uterine wall is about 1 in 1,000. Most of these occur during the insertion of the IUD or shortly thereafter. More common than perforation is the "disappearance" of the IUD string. While such a disappearance may suggest the possibility of perforation, a more likely explanation is that the string has coiled up inside the cervical canal or even inside the uterus.
A truly perforated IUD is usually removed from the abdominal cavity with laparoscopic or open surgery.
When confronted with a missing IUD string, most clinicians will gently probe the cervical canal to see if they can tease the string back down through the os. A cotton-tipped applicator or a Pap smear brush works well for this purpose. Once the string is brought down into the vagina (and about 3/4 will be found this way), nothing further needs to be done.
If the string is not inside the cervical canal, then further evaluation and treatment will be needed from an experienced and well-equipped gynecologic consultant. X-ray can confirm that the IUD remains somewhere within the pelvis. Ultrasound can demonstrate the presence of the IUD inside the uterine cavity. For an IUD which is clearly inside the uterine cavity but whose string has retracted into the cavity, a careful judgment must be made.
In some circumstances, the IUD is removed with an IUD hook, D&C or hysteroscopy, and a new once replaced. In other circumstances, it may be appropriate to leave the IUD where it is until the 10 years have expired before removing it.
IUDs are very effective at preventing pregnancy, but there is a small failure rate of about 1-2% each year.
If pregnancy occurs, it is important to remove the IUD immediately (that day). The normal spontaneous miscarriage rate is about 18-20%. For women who conceive despite an IUD, the miscarriage rate is about 25% when the IUD is removed immediately. If the IUD is left in place, the miscarriage rate increases to about 50%, and many of those are septic mid-trimester losses which are particularly unpleasant and which are associated with subsequent infertility in some cases.
If deployed, even the relatively inexperienced health care provider can remove the IUD because: 1) it is simple and easy to do, and 2) delaying removal for several days until a more experienced provider can see the patient risks retraction of the string up inside the uterus, making simple removal impossible. The IUD should first be removed and then the patient moved to a definitive care setting in anticipation of a possible miscarriage.
Should a pregnancy occur despite the presence of an IUD, there is an increased likelihood that it will be an ectopic pregnancy. Instead of the typical rate of about 1%, the ectopic pregnancy rate is about 5%. This means that in addition to prompt removal of the IUD, the patient needs a careful evaluation with ultrasound and possibly adjunctive laboratory tests to determine the presence of the pregnancy. Should an ectopic pregnancy be found, medical and/or surgical management is usually undertaken.
In many military settings, such an evaluation may not be possible and medical evacuation should be considered.
Read more about Ectopic Pregnancy
IUD Candidates
A good candidate for an IUD is:
- an older woman with children, who is in
- a stable, mutually monogamous sexual relationship, and who is
- not planning additional pregnancies.
A bad candidate for an IUD is:
- a young woman with no children, with
- multiple sexual partners, with a history of PID in the past, who would like to have children at some time in the future.
Most women considering an IUD don't fit perfectly into either category, so some judgment must be used. Contraindications to IUD use include:
- Known or suspected pregnancy
- Known distortion of the uterine cavity
- PID past or current
- Pregnancy-related infection within the last 3 months
- Known or suspected cervical cancer
- Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding
- Current cervicitis or vaginitis until effectively treated
- Wilson's disease
- Allergy to copper
- Impaired immune system
- Genital actinomycosis
Insertion of the IUD
An IUD can be inserted at any time, provided the physician is confident that the patient is not currently pregnant. Many physicians prefer to insert the IUD during a normal menstrual flow. This provides some assurance that the patient is not currently pregnant. Second, the cervical canal is already somewhat dilated from the menstrual flow and so the actual IUD insertion is more comfortable for the patient. Third, there is usually a small amount of bleeding following insertion of the IUD which will not be noticed if the patient is currently flowing. The IUD may be inserted at the 6-week postpartum check.
Insertion usually causes mild uterine cramping which disappears in a few minutes. Pretreatment with a NSAID can block much of that discomfort.The use of prophylactic antibiotics is an unresolved controversy.
Watch a video demonstrating the insertion of an IUD
Removal of the IUD
An IUD can be removed at any time, but should be removed in the presence of pelvic infection, pregnancy, abdominal pain of uncertain cause or if the IUD is already partially extruded. Never push a partially extruded IUD back inside the uterus as you will introduce significant bacterial contamination into either the uterus or the abdominal cavity, whichever area you penetrate.
After placing a vaginal speculum, visualize the cervix and the IUD string(s) protruding through the cervical os. Grasp the strings with any convenient instrument (hemostat, dressing forceps, ring forceps, etc.) and pull the IUD straight out with a steady, smooth, slow pull. The IUD, by virtue of its' pliability, will fold onto itself and slide out. Most patients will feel either no discomfort or minimal uterine cramping during removal. They generally comment that having the IUD removed was not as uncomfortable as having it inserted.
Watch a video demonstrating the removal of an IUD
Contents - Introduction - Medical Support of Women in Field Environments - The Prisoner of War Experience - Routine Care - Pap Smears - Human Papilloma Virus - Contraception - Birth Control Pills - Vulvar Disease - Vaginal Discharge - Abnormal Bleeding - Menstrual Problems - Abdominal Pain - Urination Problems - Menopause - Breast Problems - Sexual Assault - Normal Pregnancy - Abnormal Pregnancy - Normal Labor and Delivery - Problems During Labor and Delivery - Care of the Newborn
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Bureau of Medicine
and Surgery |
Operational
Obstetrics & Gynecology - 2nd Edition |
This web version of Operational Obstetrics & Gynecology is provided by The Brookside Associates. It contains original contents from the official US Navy NAVMEDPUB 6300-2C, but has been reformatted for web access and includes advertising and links that were not present in the original version. This web version has not been approved by the Department of the Navy or the Department of Defense. The presence of any advertising on these pages does not constitute an endorsement of that product or service by either the Department of Defense or the Brookside Associates. The Brookside Associates is a private organization, not affiliated with the United States Department of Defense. All material in this version is unclassified.
This formatting C. 2006
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