General Medical Officer (GMO) Manual: Clinical Section
Mental Status Exam and Diagnostic Modalities
Department of the Navy
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Introduction
The primary diagnostic modality in psychiatry is the clinical interview, which
includes a mental status examination. Because physical illness frequently exists
concurrent with mental illness, laboratory screening tests, radiographic studies, EEG's
and a physical examination with special emphasis on the neurologic exam, provide further
data which can be essential to the accurate and complete diagnostic evaluation of
psychiatric conditions. Modern psychiatric diagnostic nomenclature is obtained from the
fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). This
manual offers a cookbook approach to psychiatric diagnoses by listing specific diagnostic
criteria for each diagnosis, and allows professionals to speak the same language when
using diagnostic labels. Psychological tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI), may aid in diagnosis, however, are not generally available
or used by the GMO.
Overview on History
As with any medical evaluation, the first part of the psychiatric
evaluation is the gathering of a complete history. Because psychiatric conditions often
impair the patient's ability to accurately recount his or her own signs and symptoms,
observations by others that know the patient are often invaluable in accurately making a
psychiatric diagnosis. The psychiatric history should include age, sex, race, marital
status, rate, branch of service, length of service, command, and source of referral, and
whether or not there is a history of previous psychiatric diagnoses.
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The chief complaint is usually presented both from the patient's point of
view, as well as by the report of others that may have referred the patient for
evaluation. The goal of the HPI is to establish the chronological order of a development
of signs, symptoms, and treatments, both by the patient's account and the account of
others. Since affective disturbances are probably the most common psychiatric illnesses
presenting to the GMO, there should always be a screening for neurovegetative signs and
symptoms of depression, including mood, sleep, appetite, energy level, short-term memory
and concentration, ability to experience interest or pleasure, and suicidal ideation.
Documentation of major life changes or stressors, and identifiable secondary gain are also
important. Current psychiatric treatment, substance abuse, and social situation should
also be included.
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The personal history should contain information pertaining to the
patient's early growth and development, childhood, school adjustment, social history, with
particular attention to interpersonal relationships, military history, and family history.
Medical history, should include current and past medical problems and treatments, current
medications, a neurologic and psychiatric review of systems, and complete substance abuse
history. Review of risk factors pertaining to suicide will be addressed elsewhere in this
manual.
Mental Status Exam
The second part of the clinical interview is the mental status
examination, which is a systematic documentation of the quality of mental functioning of
the patient at the time of the interview. It not only aids in the current diagnosis and
formulation of a treatment plan, but can later serve as an important baseline for future
reference, since psychiatric conditions often vary over time, and accurate diagnosis is
often retrospective. The mental status examination can be divided into following general
areas:
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Appearance and Behavior.
Grooming, mannerisms, psychomotor activity, abnormal movements, body language, attitude
toward the examiner, state of consciousness - whether alert, hyper alert, or lethargic.
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Speech
Loudness, speed, spontaneity, interruptability, vocabulary, and articulation.
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Mood and Affect
Mood is the subjective description of a sustained emotional state (i.e. what the patient
says "I feel depressed"). The affect is the patient's current emotional
state as it is observed by the interviewer. Is the observed affect congruent with the
expressed mood?
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Thought-form and Content
Are the patient's thought processes logical and coherent? Is there evidence of
circumstantiality, flight of ideas, loosening of associations, or
perseveration?
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Assessment of Thought Content
Check for abnormal preoccupations and obsessions, excessive suspiciousness, delusions,
compulsive rituals, phobias, hallucinations, and whether or not there is suicidal or
homicidal ideation. (A more complete assessment of suicidal potential is contained
elsewhere in this manual.)
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Cognition
Attention, concentration, orientation, abstraction, memory, including remote, recent, and
immediate recall, intellectual functioning, including fund of knowledge and calculations
(much of this information will already be apparent from other portions of the interview).
A useful screening test for cognitive impairment is the Mini-Mental Status Examination,
which provides a brief standardized screening which is particularly useful in cases of
suspected organic impairment. The Mini-Mental Status Exam can be especially helpful when
it is repeated to assess change in a patient over time.
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Insight and Judgment
Does the patient recognize his or her signs and symptoms, and the way in which they may
have impaired his or her judgment?
Laboratory evaluation
As can be seen by reviewing the DSM-IV, diagnosis of many psychiatric conditions
requires the exclusion of underlying physical conditions that may account for the
patient's symptomatology. Physical illnesses are quite common among psychiatric patients,
and can be causative or exacerbating factors in psychiatric symptoms. There is no
consensus as to the routine screening tests that should be performed in patients
presenting with psychiatric symptoms. However, most recommendations include the following
lab tests:
Other Diagnostic tests
An ECG is often important because of the potential cardiac effects of many
psychotropic medications. When presenting psychiatric symptoms include alteration of
consciousness without apparent cause, or significant impairment of cognition that is acute
in nature, EEG's and radiographic studies such as CT or MRI scans of the head may be
indicated. Although many of these tests could be performed in the absence of physical
symptoms, a careful physical and neurological evaluation can often direct and prioritize
the organic work-up.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
This reference provides useful tools that aid in the formulation of a differential
diagnosis for presenting psychiatric symptoms, and helps improve reliability of
psychiatric diagnosis. It uses a multiaxial classification system in which Axis I contains
the diagnoses based on the clinical syndrome of signs and symptoms, Axis II contains the
diagnosis of personality or developmental disorders, and Axis III documents physical
disorders. At times, patients may have overlapping symptoms that can lead to more than one
psychiatric diagnosis. DSM-IV usually includes exclusionary criteria, which prevent
unnecessary or invalid duplicate diagnoses.
Summary
Documentation cannot be overemphasized especially when performing a psychiatric
evaluation. The previously mentioned diagnostic modalities will primarily serve to aid in
answering the following questions:
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Is the patient suicidal, homicidal, or psychotic?
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Does the patient have any underlying medical conditions that are presenting with
psychiatric symptoms?
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What general diagnostic categories does the patient's symptoms represent?
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Does the condition warrant MEDEVAC or transfer?
References
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Tomb, David A: Psychiatry for the House Officer, 3rd Edition, Williams and Wilkins,
Baltimore, MD, 1988.
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American Psychiatric Association : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fourth Edition Revised, (DSM-IV), Washington, DC, American Psychiatric
Association, 1994.
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The American Psychiatric Press: Textbook of Psychiatry, Talbot, Hale, and Udofsky,
editors; American Psychiatric Press, Inc., Washington, DC, 1988.
Reviewed and revised by LCDR Ken Lankin, MC, USN, SMO, Branch Medical Clinic Sasebo,
Japan.(1999).
Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.
The listing of any non-Federal product in this CD is not an
endorsement of the product itself, but simply an acknowledgement of the source.
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