2-45
2-45. PNEUMONIA
a. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs accompanied by consolidation (lung becomes firm as air spaces are filled with exudate). This condition is most commonly caused by infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Inhalation of caustic gases may cause chemical pneumonia.
b. Pneumonia may be referred to as lobar pneumonia if the majority of a lobe is involved. The term bronchopneumonia is used when the inflammation begins in the bronchi and extends to adjacent lung tissue.
c. Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, chest pain, rapid and difficult breathing, and rapid pulse accompanied by a painful cough and purulent sputum. The organisms are spread by droplets or by contact with material contaminated with respiratory secretions.
d. Treatment depends upon the causative agent. Antibiotic therapy is initiated when the agent has been identified. Increased fluid intake and humidification are encouraged to liquefy secretions and aid in their expectoration. Percussion and postural drainage are also used to loosen and mobilize secretions. Pain medications should be used to relieve the pleuritic pain, but care should be taken to avoid suppressing the cough reflex.
