Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Department of the Navy
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Be logical and timely. The rate and magnitude of blood loss determines the urgency. Make an initial evaluation rapidly. Resuscitative measures should be initiated concomitantly if the patient is hemodynamically compromised. An important complication of military, casualty medicine (burns, head injury) is GI bleeding (stress gastritis and ulceration).

Documentation of the history should initially be brief, if the patient's condition requires urgent treatment. History often tells the acuteness versus chronicity of the bleed and whether the hemorrhage is from an upper or lower GI source. Hematemesis implies an upper GI source. The location of pain can be helpful. Worsened pain and acute GI bleed should infer trauma to the intestine, pancreatitis, or hematobilia. Important questions include symptoms, use of alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDs, anticoagulants, abdominal trauma, prior Gl bleeding, family history of GI bleeding, recent nonintestinal GI bleeding, previous blood transfusions or reactions to them (and religious preferences precluding administration of blood products).

Always document signs indicative of major gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Supine hypotension or resting tachycardia, positive "tilt" test, peripheral vasoconstriction, altered mental alertness, and oliguria. Look for a nasopharyngeal source, evidence of portal hypertension, gross blood, and abdominal surgical scars. Lab tests include a CBC, platelet count, and a PT/ PTT. Plain x-rays of the abdomen are helpful only if a viscus perforation is suspected. All GI bleeders should have a nasogastric tube (NGT) placed. A positive aspirate (significant amount of fresh blood or "coffee grounds (guaiac +), indicates upper GI bleeding and mandates gastric lavage. The amount of lavage to clear the NGT roughly quantifies the magnitude of the bleed. Regardless of a positive or negative NGT aspirate, if lower vs. upper bleed is uncertain, leave the tube in for 12-24 hours to detect a rebleed or duodenal reflux of blood. Anoscopy and proctoscopy should be done if there is bleeding per rectum. Advanced tests for precise localization are referral procedures.

If hematemesis is present, rule out nasopharyngeal and pulmonary sources. Rule out a coagulopathy. The NGT helps differentiate upper from lower GI bleeding. A negative NGT does not rule out an upper GI bleed. The rectal exam is also important. Melena indicates the bleed is proximal to the ileocecal valve. Bright-red blood per rectum almost always infers a colonic or anal source (rarely above the ligament of Treitz). Maroon stools can be either from a rapid small bowel transit or a colonic bleed. Hemorrhoids do not imply etiology. Only if you see the blood coming from a hemorrhoid can you reasonably assume it is the source of bright red blood per rectum (follow up is still necessary). Use guaiac cards. Black stools can result from Pepto-Bismol, iron, charcoal, and spinach. Red stools can result from beets.

Two large bore IV lines, #14-18 gauge placed peripherally, are usually sufficient). Type and cross (T&C) three or more units of whole blood or packed RBCs. These are preferable if the situation warrants. Saline, lactated Ringers, or Hespan can be substituted until blood products are available. In extreme situations non-crossmatched O negative blood may be used. Transfusion therapy should at least keep pace with an actively bleeding patient. If the patient's mental status is depressed consider endotracheal intubation.

H2 blockers like Cimetidine 300 mg every 6 hours, Ranitidine 50 mg TID, or Famotidine 20 mg BID should be given. These medications and sucralfate 1 gm PO QID can be given for prevention of stress-related mucosal damage. These drugs are well tolerated. Short term, H2 blockers can cause changes in cardiac output, hepatitis, and cytopenias. Drug interactions with theophylline, phenytoin and anticoagulants are not uncommon, especially cimetidine.

Referral

Any patient with brisk, gross bleeding or less dramatic blood loss with either a sharp drop in hematocrit or whose vital signs show postural change, must be admitted. Immediate referral to a general surgeon is important. If a surgeon or endoscopist is not available, transport the patient as soon as possible to the nearest facility that has these type of specialists.

Assessment Algorithm for Acute GI Hemorrhage

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Operational Medicine 2001

Health Care in Military Settings

This web version is provided by The Brookside Associates Medical Education Division.  It contains original contents from the official US Navy NAVMED P-5139, but has been reformatted for web access and includes advertising and links that were not present in the original version. This web version has not been approved by the Department of the Navy or the Department of Defense. The presence of any advertising on these pages does not constitute an endorsement of that product or service by either the US Department of Defense or the Brookside Associates. The Brookside Associates is a private organization, not affiliated with the United States Department of Defense.

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