First Aid for Soldiers FM 21-11
FM 21-11 First Aid for Soldiers: Chapter 8
First Aid for Psychological Reactions
Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., October 27, 1988
INTRODUCTION
During actual combat, military operations continue around the clock at a constant pace,
and often under severe weather conditions. Terrible things happen in combat. During such
periods the soldier's mental and physical endurance will be pushed to the limit.
Psychological first aid will help sustain the soldier's mental/physical performance during
normal activities, and especially during military operations under extremely adverse
conditions and in hostile environments.
Psychological first aid is as natural and reasonable as physical first aid and
is just as familiar. When you were hurt as a child, the understanding attitude of your
parents did as much as the psychological effect of a bandage or a disinfectant to ease the
pain. Later, your disappointment or grief was eased by supportive words from a friend.
Certainly, taking a walk and talking things out with a friend are familiar ways of dealing
with an emotional crisis. The same natural feelings that make us want to help a person who
is injured make us want to give a helping hand to a buddy who is upset. Psychological
first aid really means nothing more complicated than assisting people with emotional
distress whether it results from physical injury, disease, or excessive stress. Emotional
distress is not always as visible as a wound, a broken leg, or a reaction to pain from
physical damage. However, overexcitement, severe fear excessive worry, deep depression,
misdirected irritability and anger are signs that stress has reached the point of
interfering with effective coping. The more noticeable the symptoms become, the more
urgent the need for you to be of help and the more important it is for you to know HOW to
help.
First aid can be applied to stress reactions of the mind as well as to physical
injuries of the body. You must know how to give psychological first aid to be able to,
help yourself, your buddies, and your unit in order to keep performing the mission.
Psychological first aid measures are simple and easy to understand. Improvisation is in
order, just as it is in splinting a fracture. Your decision of what to do depends upon
your ability to observe the soldier and understand his needs. Time is on your side, and so
are the resources of the soldier you are helping. Making the best use of resources
requires ingenuity on your part. A stress reaction resulting in poor judgment can cause
injury or even death to yourself or others on the battlefield. It can be even more
dangerous if other persons are affected by the judgment of an emotionally upset
individual. If it is detected early enough, the affected soldier stands a good chance of
remaining in his unit as an effective member. If it is not detected early and if the
soldier becomes more and more emotionally upset, he may not only be a threat to himself
and to others, but he can also severely affect the morale of the unit and jeopardize its
mission.
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Psychological first aid (buddy aid) is most needed at the first sign that a soldier
cannot perform the mission because of emotional distress. Stress is inevitable in combat,
in hostage and terrorist situations, and in civilian disasters, such as floods,
hurricanes, tornadoes industrial and aircraft catastrophes. Most emotional reactions to
such situations are temporary, and the person can still carry on with encouragement.
Painful or disruptive symptoms may last for minutes hours, or a few days. However, if the
stress symptoms are seriously disabling, they may be psychologically contagious and
endanger not only the emotionally upset individual but also the entire unit. In such
situations, you may be working beside someone who cannot handle the impact of disaster.
Even when there is no immediate danger of physical injury, psychological harm may occur.
For instance, if a person is unable to function because of stress, it may cause that
person to lose confidence in himself. If self-confidence cannot be restored, the person
then may become psychologically crippled for life.
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Sometimes people continue to function well during the disastrous event, but suffer from
emotional scars which impair their job performance or quality of life at a later time.
Painful memories and dreams may recur for months and years and still be considered a
normal reaction. If the memories are so painful that the person must avoid all situations
which arouse these memories or if he becomes socially withdrawn, or shows symptoms of
anxiety, depression, or substance abuse, he needs treatment. Experiences of police,
firemen, emergency medical technicians, and others who deal with disasters has proved that
the routine application of psychological first aid greatly reduces the likelihood of
future serious post-traumatic stress disorders. Thus, applying psychological first aid as
self-aid and buddy aid to all the participants, including those who have functioned well,
is beneficial.
Psychological first aid should go hand in hand with physical first aid. The discovery
of a physical injury or cause for an inability to function does not rule out
the possibility of a psychological injury (or vice versa). A physical injury and the
circumstances surrounding it may actually cause an emotional injury that is potentially
more serious than the physical injury; both injuries need treatment. The person suffering
from pain, shock, fear of serious damage to his body, or fear of death does not respond
well to joking, indifference, or fearful-tearful attention. Fear and anxiety may take as
high a toll of the soldier's strength as does the loss of blood.
The goals of psychological first aid are to--
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Be supportive; assist the soldier in dealing with his stress reaction.
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Prevent, and if necessary control, behavior harmful to him and to others.
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Return the soldier to duty as soon as possible after dealing with the stress reaction.
a. Accept the soldier you are trying to help without censorship or ridicule.
Accept his right to his own feelings. Even though your feelings, beliefs, and behavior are
different, DO NOT blame or make light of him for the way he feels or acts. Your purpose is
to help him in this tough situation, not to be his critic. A person DOES NOT WANT to be
upset and worried; he would "snap out of it" if he could. When he seeks help, he
needs and expects consideration of his fears, not abrupt dismissal or accusations. You may
be impressed with the fact that you made it through in good condition. You have
no guarantee that the situation will not be reversed the next time.
b. Realize that people are the products of a wide variety of factors. All
persons DO NOT react the same way to the same situations. Each individual has complex
needs and motivations, both conscious and unconscious, that are uniquely his own. Often,
the "straw that breaks the camel's back" the one thing that finally causes the
person to be overloaded by the stressful situation is not the stressor itself, but some
other problem. Thus, an injury or an emotional catastrophe will have a personal meaning
for each individual. Even though you may not share the reactions or feelings of another
person and even though the reactions seem foolish or peculiar, you must realize that he
feels as he does for a reason. You can help him most by accepting this
fact and by doing what you can for him during this difficult time. He is doing the best he
can under the circumstances. Your positive assistance and trust may be what he needs to do
better.
a. Accept emotional disability as being just as real as physical disability.
If a soldier's ankle is seriously sprained in a fall, no one (including the injured man
himself) expects him to run right away. A soldier's emotions may be temporarily strained
by the overwhelming stress of more "blood and guts" than he can take or by a
large-scale artillery attack. DO NOT demand that he pull himself together immediately and
carry on without a break. Some individuals can pull themselves together immediately, but
others cannot. The person whose emotional stability has been disrupted has a disability just
as real as the soldier who has sprained his ankle. There is an unfortunate tendency
in many people to regard as real only what they can see, such as a wound, bleeding, or an
X-ray of a diseased lung. Some people tend to assume that damage involving a person's mind
and emotions is just imagined, that he is not really sick or injured, and that he could
overcome his trouble by using his will power.
b. The terms "it's all in your head," "snap out of it,"
and "get control of yourself" are often used by people who believe they are
being helpful. Actually, these terms are expressions of hostility because they show lack
of understanding. They only emphasize weakness and inadequacy. Such terms are of no use in
psychological first aid. A psychological patient or a physical patient with strong
emotional reactions to his injury does not want to feel as he does. He would like to be
effective, but he is temporarily overcome with either fear, anxiety, grief, guilt, or
fatigue. He feels lost and unable to control his emotions. Reminding him of his failure to
act as others do only makes him feel worse. What he needs is calm, positive encouragement,
such as reminding him that others have confidence in his ability to pull together and are
also counting on him. Often this reassurance combined with explicit instruction and
encouragement to do a simple, but useful task (that he knows how to do), will restore his
effectiveness quickly.
Every physically injured person has some emotional reaction to the fact that he is
injured.
a. A minor injury such as a cut finger causes an emotional reaction in most
people. It is normal for an injured person to feel upset. The more severe the injury, the
more insecure and fearful he becomes, especially if the injury is to a body part which is
highly valued. For example, an injury to the eyes or the genitals, even
though relatively minor, is likely to be extremely upsetting. An injury to some other part
of the body may be especially disturbing to an individual for his own particular reason. For
example, an injury of the hand may be a terrifying blow to a baseball pitcher or a
pianist. A facial disfigurement may be especially threatening to an actor.
b. An injured person always feels less secure, more anxious, and more afraid
not only because of what has happened to him but because of what he imagines may happen as
a result of his injury. This fear and insecurity may cause him to be irritable, stubborn,
or unreasonable. He also may seem uncooperative, unnecessarily difficult, or even
emotionally irrational. As you help him, always keep in mind that such behavior has
little or nothing to do with you personally. He needs your patience, reassurance,
encouragement and support. Even though he seems disagreeable and ungrateful at first,
ensure that he understands you want to help him.
Realize that distressed soldiers have far more strength than appears at first glance.
An injured or sick person may not put his best foot forward. The strong points of his
personality are likely to be hidden beneath his fear, anguish, and pain. It is easy to see
only his failures even though he worked efficiently beside you only a short time ago. With
your aid he will again become helpful. Whatever made him a good soldier, rifleman, or
buddy is still there; he is needed.
Battle Fatigue is a temporary emotional disorder or inability to function,
experienced by a previously normal soldier as a reaction to the overwhelming or cumulative
stress of combat. By definition, battle fatigue gets better with reassurance, rest,
physical replenishment and activities which restore confidence. Physical fatigue, or sleep
loss, although commonly present, is not necessary. All combat and combat support troops
are likely to feel battle fatigue under conditions of intense and/or prolonged stress.
They may even become battle fatigue casualties, unable to perform their mission roles for
hours or days. Other negative behaviors may be CSRs, but are not called battle fatigue
because they need other treatment than simple rest, replenishment and restoration of
confidence. These negative CSRs include drug and alcohol abuse, committing atrocities
against enemy prisoners and noncombatants, looting, desertion, and self-inflicted wounds.
These harmful CSRs can often be prevented by good psychological first aid; however, if
these negative actions occur, these persons may require disciplinary action instead of
reassurance and rest.
Most people react to misfortune or disasters (military or civilian, threatened or
actual) after the situation has passed. All people feel some fear. This fear may be
greater than they have experienced at any other time or they may be more aware of their
fear. In such a situation, they should not be surprised if they feel shaky, become sweaty,
nauseated or confused. These reactions are normal and are not a cause for concern.
However, some reactions, either short or long term, will cause problems if left unchecked.
The following are consequences of too much stress:
a. Emotional Reactions.
(1) The most common stress reactions are simply inefficient performances, such
as:
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Slow thinking (or reaction time).
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Difficulty sorting out the important from all the noise and seeing what needs to be
done.
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Difficulty getting started.
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Indecisiveness, trouble focusing attention.
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A tendency to do familiar tasks and be preoccupied with familiar details. This can reach
the point where the person is very passive, such as just sitting or wandering about not
knowing what to do.
(2) Much less common reactions to a disaster or accident may be uncontrolled
emotional outbursts, such as crying, screaming, or laughing. Some soldiers will react in
the opposite way. They will be very withdrawn and silent and try to isolate themselves
from everyone. These soldiers should be encouraged to remain with their assigned unit.
Uncontrolled reactions may appear by themselves or in any combination (the person may be
crying uncontrollably one minute and then laughing the next or he may lie down and babble
like a child). In this state, the person is restless and cannot keep still. He may run
about, apparently without purpose. Inside, he feels great rage or fear and his physical
acts may show this. In his anger he may indiscriminately strike out at others.
b. Loss of Adaptability.
(1) In a desperate attempt to get away from the danger which has overwhelmed him, a
person may panic and become confused. In the midst of a mortar attack, he may suddenly
lose the ability to hear or see. His mental ability may be so impaired he cannot think
clearly or even follow simple commands. He may stand up in the midst of enemy fire or rush
into a burning building because his judgment is clouded and he cannot understand the
likely consequences of his behavior. He may lose his ability to move (freezes) and may
seem paralyzed. He may faint.
(2) In other cases, overwhelming stress may produce symptoms which are often associated
with head injuries. For example, the person may appear dazed or be found
wandering around aimlessly. He may appear confused and disoriented and may seem to have a
complete or partial loss of memory. In such cases, especially when no eye witnesses can
provide evidence that the person has NOT suffered a head injury, it is necessary
for medical personnel to provide rapid evaluation for that possibility. DO NOT ALLOW THE
SOLDIER TO EXPOSE HIMSELF TO FURTHER PERSONAL DANGER UNTIL THE CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM HAS
BEEN DETERMINED.
c. Sleep Disturbance and Repetitions. A person who has been overwhelmed by
disaster or some other stress often has difficulty sleeping. The soldier may experience
nightmares related to the disaster such as dreaming that his wife, father, or other
important person in his life was killed in the disaster. Remember that nightmares, in
themselves, are not considered abnormal when they occur soon after a period of intensive
combat or disaster. As time passes, the nightmares usually become less frequent and less
intense. In extreme cases, a soldier, even when awake, may think repeatedly of the
disaster, feel as though it is happening again, and act out parts of his stress over and
over again. For some persons, this repetitious reexperiencing of the stressful event may
be necessary for eventual recovery; therefore, it should not be discouraged or viewed as
abnormal. For the person reexperiencing the event, such reaction may be disruptive and
disturbing regardless of the reassurance given him that it is perfectly normal. In such a
situation, a short cut that is often possible involves getting the person to talk
extensively, even repetitiously, about the experience or his feelings. This should not be
forced; rather, the person should be given repeated opportunities and supportive
encouragement to talk in private, preferably to one person. This process is known as ventilation.
d. Other Factors. In studies of sudden civilian disasters, a rule of thumb is
that 70 to 80 percent of people will fall into the first category (a above). Ten
to 15 percent will show the more severe disturbances (b and c above).
Another 10 to 15 percent will work effectively and coolly. The latter usually have had
prior experience in disasters or have jobs that can be applied effectively in the disaster
situation. Military training, like the training of police, fire, and emergency medical
specialists in civilian jobs, is designed to shift that so that 99 to 100 percent of the
unit works effectively. But sudden, unexpected horrors, combined with physical fatigue,
exhaustion, and distracting worries about the home front can sometimes throw even
well-trained individuals for a temporary loss.
e. Psychiatric Complications. Although the behaviors described (a
through c above) usually diminish with time, some do not. A person who has not
improved somewhat within a day, even though he has been given warm food, time for sleep,
and opportunity to ventilate, or who becomes worse, deserves specialized
medical/psychiatric care. Do not wait to see if what he is experiencing will get better
with time.
You do not need specialized training to recognize severe stress or battle fatigue
reactions that will cause problems to the soldier, the unit, or the mission. Reactions
that are less severe, however, are more difficult to detect. To determine whether a person
needs help you must observe him to see whether he is doing something meaningful performing
his duties, taking care of himself, or behaving in an unusual fashion or acting out of
character.
The emotionally disturbed soldier has built a barrier against fear. He does this for
his own protection, although he is probably not aware that he is doing it. If he finds
that he does not have to be afraid and that there are normal, understandable things about
him, he will feel safer in dropping this barrier. Persistent efforts to make him realize
that you want to understand him will be reassuring, especially if you remain calm. Nothing
can cause an emotionally disturbed person to become even more fearful than feeling that
others are afraid of him. Try to remain calm. Familiar things, such as a cup of coffee,
the use of his name, attention to a minor wound, being given a simple job to do, or the
sight of familiar people and activities will add to his ability to overcome his fear. He
may not respond well if you get excited, angry, or abrupt.
a. Ventilation. After the soldier becomes calmer, he is likely to have dreams
about the stressful event. He also may think about it when he is awake or even repeat his
personal reaction to the event. One benefit of this natural pattern is that it helps him
master the stress by going over it just as one masters the initial fear of jumping from a
diving board by doing it over and over again. Eventually, it is difficult to remember how
frightening the event was initially. In giving first aid to the emotionally disturbed
soldier, you should let him follow this natural pattern. Encourage him to talk. Be a good
listener. Let him tell, in his own words what actually happened (or what he thinks
happened). If home front problems or worries have contributed to the stress, it
will help him to talk about them. Your patient listening will prove to him that you are
interested in him, and by describing his personal catastrophe, he can work at mastering
his fear. If he becomes overwhelmed in the telling, suggest a cup of coffee or a break.
Whatever you do, assure him that you will listen again as soon as he is ready. Do try to
help put the soldier's perception of what happened back into realistic perspective; but,
DO NOT argue about it. For example, if the soldier feels guilty that he survived
while his teammates were all killed, reassure him that they would be glad he is still
alive and that others in the unit need him now. If he feels he was responsible for their
deaths because of some oversight or mistake (which may be true), a nonpunishing,
nonaccusing attitude may help him realize that accidents and mistakes do happen in the
confusion of war, but that life, the unit, and the mission must go on. (These same
principles apply in civilian disaster settings as well.) With this psychological first aid
measure, most soldiers start toward recovery quickly.
b. Activity.
(1) A person who is emotionally disturbed as the result of combat action or a
catastrophe is basically a casualty of anxiety and fear. He is disabled because
he has become temporarily overwhelmed by anxiety. A good way to control fear is through
activity. Almost all soldiers, for example, experience a considerable sense of
anxiety and fear while they are poised, awaiting the opening of a big offensive; but this
is normally relieved, and they actually feel better once they begin to move into action.
They take pride in effective performance and pleasure in knowing that they are good
soldiers, perhaps being completely unaware that overcoming their initial fear was their
first major accomplishment
(2) Useful activity is very beneficial to the emotionally disturbed soldier who is not
physically incapacitated. After you help a soldier get over his initial fear, help him to
regain some self-confidence. Make him realize his job is continuing by finding him
something useful to do. Encourage him to be active. Get him to carry litters, (but not the
severely injured), help load trucks, clean up debris, dig foxholes, or assist with
refugees. If possible, get him back to his usual duty. Seek out his strong points and help
him apply them. Avoid having him just sit around. You may have to provide direction by
telling him what to do and where to do it. The instructions should be clear and simple;
they should be repeated; they should be reasonable and obviously possible. A person who
has panicked is likely to argue. Respect his feelings, but point out more immediate,
obtainable, and demanding needs. Channel his excessive energy and, above all, DO NOT
argue. If you cannot get him interested in doing more profitable work, it may be necessary
to enlist aid in controlling his overactivity before it spreads to the group and results
in more panic. Prevent the spread of such infectious feelings by restraining and
segregating if necessary.
(3) Involvement in activity helps a soldier in three ways:
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He forgets himself.
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He has an outlet for his excessive tensions.
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He proves to himself he can do something useful. It is amazing how effective this is in
helping a person overcome feelings of fear, ineffectiveness, and uselessness.
c. Rest. There are times, particularly in combat, when physical exhaustion is
a principal cause for emotional reactions. For the weary, dirty soldier, adequate
rest, good water to drink, warm food, and a change of clothes, with an opportunity to
bathe or shave may provide spectacular results.
d. Group Activity. You have probably already noticed that a person works,
faces danger, and handles serious problems better if he is a member of a closely-knit
group. Each individual in such a group supports the other members of the group. For
example, you see group spirit in the football team and in the school fraternity.
Because the individuals share the same interests, goals, and problems, they do more and
better work; furthermore, they are less worried because everyone is helping. It is this
group spirit that wins games or takes a strategic hill in battle. It is so powerful that
it is one of the most effective tools you have in your "psychological first
aid bag." Getting the soldier back into the group and letting him see its orderly and
effective activity will reestablish his sense of belonging and security and will go far
toward making him a useful member of the unit.
a. Up to this point the discussion has been primarily about the feelings of
the emotionally distressed soldier. What about your feelings toward him? Whatever the
situation, you will have emotional reactions (conscious or unconscious) toward this
soldier. Your reactions can either help or hinder your ability to help him. When you are
tired or worried, you may very easily become impatient with the person who is unusually
slow or who exaggerates. You may even feel resentful toward him. At times when many
physically wounded lie about you, it will be especially natural for you to resent
disabilities that you cannot see. Physical wounds can be seen and easily accepted.
Emotional reactions are more difficult to accept as injuries. On the other hand, will you
tend to be overly sympathetic? Excessive sympathy for an incapacitated person can be as
harmful as negative feelings in your relationship with him. He needs strong help, but not
your sorrow. To overwhelm him with pity will make him feel even more inadequate. You must
expect your buddy to recover, to be able to return to duty, and to become a useful
soldier. This expectation should be displayed in your behavior and attitude as well as in
what you say. If he can see your calmness, confidence, and competence, he will be
reassured and will feel a sense of greater security.
b. You may feel guilty at encouraging this soldier to recover and return to an
extremely dangerous situation, especially if you are to stay in a safer, more comfortable
place. Remember though, that if he returns to duty and does well, he will feel strong and
whole. On the other hand, if he is sent home as a psycho, he may have self-doubt
and often disabling symptoms the rest of his life.
c. Another thing to remind yourself is that in combat someone must fight in
this soldier's place. This temporarily battle fatigued soldier, if he returns to his unit
and comrades, will be less likely to overload again (or be wounded or killed) than will a
new replacement.
d. Above all, you must guard against becoming impatient, intolerant, and
resentful, on one hand, and overly solicitous on the other. Remember that such emotion
will rarely help the soldier and can never increase your ability to make clear decisions.
e. As with the physically injured soldier, the medical personnel will take
over the care of the emotionally distressed soldier who needs this specific care as soon
as possible. The first aid which he has received from you will be of great value to his
recovery.
f. Remember that every soldier (even you) has a potential emotional overload
point which varies from individual to individual, from time to time, and from situation to
situation. Because a soldier has reacted abnormally to stress in the past does not
necessarily mean he will react the same way to the next stressful situation. Remember, any
soldier, as tough as he may seem, is capable of showing signs of anxiety and stress. No
one is absolutely immune.
Table 8-1. Mild Battle Fatigue
PHYSICAL SIGNS*
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EMOTIONAL SIGNS*
|
1. Trembling, tearful
2. Jumpiness, nervous
3. Cold sweat, dry mouth
4. Pounding heart, dizziness
5. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
6. Fatigue
7. "Thousand-yard stare" |
1. Anxiety, indecisive
2. Irritable, complaining
3. Forgetful, unable to concentrate
4. Insomnia, nightmares
5. Easily startled by noises, movement
6. Grief, tearful
7. Anger, beginning to lose confidence in self and unit
8. Difficulty thinking, speaking, and communicating |
SELF AND BUDDY AID |
1. Continue mission performance, focus on immediate mission.
2. Expect soldier to perform assigned duties.
3. Remain calm at all times; be directive and in control.
4. Let soldier know his reaction is normal, and that there is nothing seriously wrong with
him.
5. Keep soldier informed of the situation, objectives, expectations, and support. Control
rumors.
6. Build soldier's confidence, talk about succeeding.
7. Keep soldier productive (when not resting) through recreational activities, equipment
maintenance.
8. Ensure soldier maintains good personal hygiene.
9. Ensure soldier eats, drinks, and sleeps as soon as possible.
10. Let soldier talk about his feelings. DO NOT "put down" his feelings of grief
or worry. Give practical advice and put emotions into perspective. |
*Most or all of these signs are present in
mild battle fatigue. They can be present in any normal soldier in combat yet he can still
do his job. |
Table 8-2. More Serious Battle Fatigue
PHYSICAL SIGNS*
|
EMOTIONAL SIGNS*
|
1. Constantly moves around
2. Flinching or ducking at sudden sounds and movement
3. Shaking, trembling (whole body or arms)
4. Cannot use part of body, no physical reason (hand, arm, legs)
5. Cannot see, hear, or feel (partial or complete loss)
6. Physical exhaustion, crying
7. Freezing under fire, or total immobility
8. Vacant stares, staggers, sways when stands
9. Panic running under fire |
1. Rapid and/or inappropriate talking
2. Argumentative, reckless actions
3. Inattentive to personal hygiene
4. Indifferent to danger
5. Memory loss
6. Severe stuttering, mumbling, or cannot speak at all
7. Insomnia, nightmares
8. Seeing or hearing things that do not exist
9. Rapid emotional shifts
10. Social withdrawal
11. Apathetic
12. Hysterical outbursts
13. Frantic or strange behavior |
TREATMENT PROCEDURES** |
1. If soldier's behavior endangers the mission, self or others, do
whatever necessary to control soldier.
2. If soldier is upset, calmly talk him into cooperating.
3. If concerned about soldier's reliability:
4. Reassure everyone that the signs are probably just battle fatigue and will quickly
improve.
5. If battle fatigue signs continue:
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Get soldier to a safer place.
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DO NOT leave soldier alone, keep someone he knows with him.
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Notify senior NCO or officer.
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Have soldier examined by medical personnel.
6. Give soldier tasks to do when not sleeping, eating or resting.
7. Assure soldier he will return to full duty in 24 hours; and, return soldier to normal
duties as soon as he is ready. |
*These signs are present in addition to the
signs of mild battle fatigue reaction.
**Do these procedures in addition to the self and buddy
aid care. |
Table 8-3. Preventive Measures to Combat Battle Fatigue
1. Welcome new members into your team, get to know them quickly. If you are new, be
active in making friends.
2. Be physically fit (strength, endurance, and agility).
3. Know and practice life-saving self and buddy aid.
4. Practice rapid relaxation techniques (FM 26-2).
5. Help each other out when things are tough at home or in the unit.
6. Keep informed; ask your leader questions, ignore rumors.
7. Work together to give everyone food, water, shelter, hygiene, and sanitation.
8. Sleep when mission and safety permit, let everyone get time to sleep.
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Sleep only in safe places and by SOP.
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If possible, sleep 6 to 9 hours per day.
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Try to get at least 4 hours sleep per day.
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Get good sleep before going on sustained operations.
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Catnap when you can, but allow time to wake up fully.
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Catch up on sleep after going without.
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