Urinalysis

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Urinalysis

Urine Color

Urine is normally pale yellow to amber. Abnormal or unusual colors include:

Color		Significance
	Black	Alkaptonuria
	Port wine	Porphyrins Methemoglobin Hemoglobin Lysol poisoning
	Red-Brown	Hemoglobinuria Blood Myoglobinuria Porphyrins
	Red	Eating beets Cascara and Senna laxatives Phenazopyridine ingestion
	Orange	Concentrated urine Small amounts of bile Phenazopyridine ingestion Oral anticoagulants Ethoxazene Chlorzoxazone
	Yellow-Brown	Bilirubin Sulfonamides Nitrofurantoin
	Yellow-Green	Bilirubin Pseudomonas
	Green-Blue	Methylene blue Amitriptyline
	Smoky	Blood

Normal Values*

Color	Pale yellow to amber
Turbidity	Clear to slightly hazy
Specific Gravity	1.015 to 1.025
pH	4.5-8.0
Glucose	Negative
Ketones	Negative
Blood	Negative
Protein	Negative
Bilirubin	Negative
Urobilinogen	0.1-1.0
Nitrate for bacteria	Negative
Leukocyte esterase	Negative
Casts	Negative
Red blood cells	Negative
Crystals	Negative
White blood cells	Negative/Rare
Epithelial cells	Few

*These are general values taken from a variety of sources. The actual normal values may vary from lab to lab and from one type of testing protocol to another.

Source: Operational Medicine 2001, Health Care in Military Settings, NAVMED P-5139, May 1, 2001, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, 2300 E Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20372-5300

This information is provided by The Brookside Associates. The Brookside Associates, LLC. is a private organization, not affiliated with any governmental agency. The opinions presented here are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the Brookside Associates or the Department of Defense. The presence of any advertising on these pages does not constitute an endorsement of that product or service by either the US Department of Defense or the Brookside Associates. All material presented here is unclassified.

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