Operational Obstetrics & Gynecology

Immediate Care of the Newborn

   

   

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Dry the Baby

Immediately after delivery, the baby should be dried. Ideally, this is with a warm, soft towel, but don't delay in drying the baby while searching for a warm, soft towel.

Any dry, absorbing material will work well for this purpose. This would include:

  • Shirts
  • T-shirts
  • Gloves
  • Jackets
  • Socks
  • Battle dressings

Dry the newborn

Field expedient newborn drying

Field expedient newborn drying

Replace the Wet Towels

Babies can lose a tremendous amount of heat very quickly, particularly if they are wet. By removing the wet towels and replacing them with dry towels, you will reduce this heat loss.

Babies, during the first few hours of life, have some difficulty maintaining their body heat and may develop hypothermia if not attended to carefully. This is particularly true of premature infants.

Position the Baby

Babies should be kept on their backs or tilted to the side, but not on their stomachs.

The orientation of the head relative to the body is important for breathing. In adults, this orientation is not usually crucial; adults tolerate a relatively wide range of head positioning without compromising their airway. Not so with newborns who have a relatively narrow range of head positioning that will permit air to move unimpeded through the trachea.

Proper airway positioning of newborn

OK

Hyperextension of the newborn neck compromising the airway

Not OK

Hyperflexion of the newborn neck compromising the airway

Not OK

The optimal position for the baby is with the head neither markedly flexed against the chest, nor extended with the chin up in the air. Instead, the head should be in a "military" attitude, looking straight up.

Position the baby on its' back with the head looking straight up. This will usually provide for good airflow.

If there is any airway obstruction, make small adjustments to the head position to try to straighten the trachea and eliminate the obstruction.

Suction the Airway

Bulb suctioning the newbornWhen  babies are born, they need to clear the mucous and amniotic fluid from their lungs. Several natural mechanisms help with this:

  • As the fetal chest passes through the birth canal it is compressed, squeezing excess fluid out of the lungs prior to the baby taking its' first breath. This is noticed most often after the fetal head is delivered but prior to delivery of the shoulders. After several seconds in this "partly delivered" position, fluid can be seen streaming out of the baby's nose and mouth.
  • After birth, babies cough, sputter and sneeze, mobilizing additional fluid that may be in their lungs.
  • Bulb syringeAfter birth, babies cry loudly and repeatedly, clearing fluid and opening air sacs in the process. Crying is a reassuring event and does not indicate distress.
  • Newborn grunting actions may further mobilize fluid, in addition to opening the air sacs in the lungs.

While babies will, for the most part, bring the amniotic fluid out of the lungs on their own, they may need some assistance in clearing their airway of the mobilized fluid. This will require suctioning.

Bulb syringes are commonly used for this purpose, suctioning both the nose and mouth of the baby. If a bulb syringe is not available, any suction type device may be used, including a hypodermic syringe without the needle.

Bulb syringeIf no suction device is available, keep the baby in a slight Trendelenburg position (head slightly lower than the feet) and turn the baby to its' side to allow the fluids to drain out by gravity.

Evaluate the Baby

Evaluate the baby for breathing, color and heart rate. If the baby is not breathing well or is depressed, additional drying with a towel may provide enough tactile stimulation to cause the baby to gasp and recover.

Babies are not slapped on their buttocks for this purpose, although flicking the soles of the feet with a thumb and forefinger can provide enough noxious stimulation.

Color

Asses the pinkness of the fetal skin.

Although some newborn infants are uniformly pink in color, many have some degree of "acrocyanosis." This means that the central portion (chest) is pink, but the extremities, particularly the hands and feet, are blue or purple.

 

Normal pink color of the newborn

OK

Acrocyanosis is normal for a newborn during the first few hours

OK - Acrocyanosis

Central cyanosis is not normal and indicates the need for treatment

Not OK - Cyanosis

Acrocyanosis is normal for a newborn during the first few hours, disappearing over the next day. It is due to relatively sluggish circulation of blood through the peripheral structures, related to immaturity or inexperience of the newborn blood flow regulatory systems.

Central cyanosis is not normal and indicates the need for treatment. It is due to the accumulation of desaturated (oxygen-depleted) hemoglobin.

Cyanosis due to airway obstruction is treated by opening the airway.

Cyanosis due to inadequate ventilations is treated by ventilating the baby.

In mild cases, cyanosis may be resolved by providing 100% oxygen to the baby.

Ventilate if Necessary

If, after a brief period of tactile stimulation, the baby is not making significant respiratory efforts, you should begin artificial ventilation, using whatever materials you have available to you.

In ideal circumstances, this equipment would include a newborn mask, bag, 100% oxygen, pressure gauge, flowmeter and flow control valve.

In other than ideal circumstances, mouth-to-mouth ventilation may be the only available resource.

Mouth to mouth ventilation of the newborn

Position one hand behind the newborn head and neck.

Cover the newborn's nose and mouth with your own mouth

Cover the baby's nose and mouth with your mouth.

Position one hand behind the newborn head and neck. This hand will make the small adjustments necessary to keep the airway open.

Cover the newborn's nose and mouth with your own mouth. Use puffs of air to expand the baby's lungs. If you blow too forcefully or use too large a volume of air, you risk overexpanding the lungs, causing a pneumothorax.

Check the Heartbeat

The normal newborn heart rate is over 100 BPM.

Umbilical artery pulsebrachial artery pulsePediatric stethoscopes can be used to listen to the heartbeat, but palpating the newborn pulse is easy to do and requires no special equipment.

Even if the umbilical cord has been clamped and cut, the umbilical arteries can still be palpated. You will feel a strong tapping sensation if you feel the cord next to the baby with your thumb and forefinger.

Alternatively, you can feel the brachial artery pulse, which courses down the medial aspect of the upper arm.

If the pulse is less than 100 BPM, you should begin ventilating the baby artificially, using whatever equipment and skills that are available.

Keep the Baby Warm

Newborn wrapped for warmthNewborn hypothermia can occur quickly and depress breathing. It is very important to keep the newborn warm. This can be accomplished by covering the baby with clothing as soon as it is dried.

Pay particular attention to keeping the head covered (but the airway open) as heat loss from the newborn head can be substantial.

Typically, the baby is wrapped in warm, soft blankets and a head covering put in place.

In sub-optimal circumstances, nearly any cloth material can be used keep the baby warm.

Field expedient newborn wrapping for warmthNon-cloth material can also be effective in keeping the baby warm. Aluminum foil or Mylar reflective blankets provide satisfactory heat retention, particularly if used in air-trapping layers.

If the mother is available, dry the baby, place the baby on the mother's chest, and cover both of them with blankets or clothing. The mother's body heat will help keep the baby warm.

Check the baby's temperature several times during the first few hours of life. The normal range of newborn axillary temperature is about 36.5-37.4C (97.7-99.3F).

Wrap the newborn in foil if necessaryAssign Apgar Score

The Apgar score is a commonly-used method to assess the newborn status and need for continuing treatment. Points are assigned according to each of five categories. The total score is the sum of the points from each category.

The Apgar score is usually assigned at 1-minute after birth and again at 5-minutes after birth. Scores of 7 or more are considered normal. Those with normal scores may need some assistance and those with very low scores (0, 1 or 2) may need considerable assistance. Most newborn infants with low Apgar scores will be fine, once they are supported and resuscitated.

Category 0 Points 1 Point 2 Points
Heart Rate Absent <100 >100
Respiratory Effort Absent Slow, Irregular Good, crying
Muscle Tone Flaccid Some flexion of extremities Active motion
Reflex Irritability No Response Grimace Vigorous cry
Color Blue, pale Body pink, extremities blue Completely pink

Breast-feeding

Babies can be breast-fed as soon as the airway is cleared and they are breathing normally. Some babies nurse vigorously while others are not particularly interested in feeding until several hours after birth. It is unwise to try to breast-fed babies with respiratory difficulties until the breathing problems are resolved.

Breast-feeding babies generally make their needs known by crying when they are hungry. They also cry when they are uncomfortable from a wet or soiled diaper. Sometimes, they cry because they need to be picked up and held.

Field-Expedient Bottle

Latex glove as an improvised milk bottleIf the mother is not available for breast-feeding, alternative ways to feed the baby are nearly always possible. Essential to this process is an artificial nipple or nipple-like structure.

In an operational setting, formula can be placed in a latex glove (after rinsing out any cornstarch or other material) and a small perforation made in the end of a finger. The baby can then suck on the fingertip. While this works acceptably, a big problem is that the nipple (latex glove) collapses as soon as the baby starts to suck. Some formula will come through, but it is not the same as a normal nipple and the baby will likely become very frustrated.

Improvised bottle with GI canteen and latex glovePutting formula in a canteen and slipping the latex glove over the spout works better (it's harder to collapse the nipple).

Try to warm the formula to body temperature before feeding. If formula is not available, sugar water can provide fluid and a few calories on a temporary basis. Cows milk should be avoided unless there is no other alternative and access to baby formula is not expected any time soon.

Vernix caseosumVernix

Babies are usually born with a white, cheesy coating on their skin called "vernix." This is a combination of skin secretions and skin cells. While excess vernix can be cleaned from the baby, it is not necessary to remove all of it as it has a protective effect on the baby's skin.

Meconium

Meconium is the dark green fecal material that babies pass after delivery and sometimes before delivery.

If the amniotic fluid is green colored, this is due to the presence of meconium and is found in as many as one in five deliveries. Babies subjected to intrauterine stress often pass meconium before delivery, but so do many non-stressed fetuses.

The presence of meconium is significant because is indicates the need to thoroughly clear the airway of meconium. In a hospital setting, this is often accomplished with endotracheal visualization or intubation. In operational settings, endotracheal intubation of the newborn may not be an option and careful suctioning with any available device will be performed.

Eye Prophylaxis

Within an hour of birth, treat the newborn's eyes to prevent gonococcal infection. Alternative medications include:

  • 1% silver nitrate solution
  • 1% tetracycline opthalmic ointment
  • 0.5% erythromycin opthalmic ointment (This also prevents chlamydial infections)

Vitamin K

During the first few hours following delivery, a single injection of 0.5 to 1.0 mg of natural vitamin K can help prevent hemorrhagic disease.

Umbilical Cord Care

Keep the cord stump clean and dry. Daily wiping of the cord with alcohol and leaving it open to the air facilitates drying and discourages bacterial growth. Topical application of antiseptics is usually not necessary unless the baby is living in a highly contaminated area.


Contents -  Introduction -  Medical Support of Women in Field Environments -  The Prisoner of War Experience -  Routine Care -  Pap Smears -  Human Papilloma Virus -  Contraception -  Birth Control Pills -  Vulvar Disease -  Vaginal Discharge -  Abnormal Bleeding -  Menstrual Problems -  Abdominal Pain -  Urination Problems -  Menopause -  Breast Problems -  Sexual Assault -  Normal Pregnancy -  Abnormal Pregnancy -  Normal Labor and Delivery -  Problems During Labor and Delivery -  Care of the Newborn

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Department of the Navy
2300 E Street NW
Washington, D.C
20372-5300

Operational Obstetrics & Gynecology - 2nd Edition
The Health Care of Women in Military Settings
CAPT Michael John Hughey, MC, USNR
NAVMEDPUB 6300-2C
January 1, 2000

This web version of Operational Obstetrics & Gynecology is provided by The Brookside Associates.  It contains original contents from the official US Navy NAVMEDPUB 6300-2C, but has been reformatted for web access and includes advertising and links that were not present in the original version. This web version has not been approved by the Department of the Navy or the Department of Defense. The presence of any advertising on these pages does not constitute an endorsement of that product or service by either the Department of Defense or the Brookside Associates. The Brookside Associates is a private organization, not affiliated with the United States Department of Defense. All material in this version is unclassified.

This formatting C. 2006 Brookside Associates, LLC.
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