MMWR, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Recommendations and Reports
May 10, 2002/Vol. 51/No.RR-6

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Treatment Guidelines 2002


  Sections on this page:
  bullet References
  bullet Abbreviations Used in This Publication
  bullet Consultants
 
Back to Table of Contents

References

  1. CDC. 1998 Guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-1).
  2. CDC. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination---recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-13).
  3. CDC. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-12).
  4. Hatcher RA, Trussell TJ, Stewart FH, et al., eds. Contraceptive technology. 17th ed. New York: Ardent Media, 1998.
  5. Drew WL, Blair M, Miner RC, Conant M. Evaluation of the virus permeability of a new condom for women. Sex Transm Dis 1990;17:110--2.
  6. Richardson BA. Nonoxynol-9 as a vaginal mircrobicide for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. JAMA 2002;287:1171--2.
  7. Cates W, Stone KM. Family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, and contraceptive choice: a literature update---part I. Fam Plann Perspectives 1992;24:74--84.
  8. CDC. Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral and revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. MMWR 2001;50(No. RR-19):13--26.
  9. Kamb ML, Fishbein M, Douglas JM, et al. HIV prevention counseling reduces high risk behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases: results from a multicenter, randomized controlled trial (Project RESPECT). JAMA 1998;280:1161--7.
  10. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to clinical preventive services. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.
  11. American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Guidelines for perinatal care. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1997.
  12. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Antimicrobial therapy for obstetric patients. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, March 1998. (Educational bulletin, no. 245.)
  13. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion: primary and preventive care. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, December 1999. (Periodic assessments, no. 229.)
  14. CDC. Recommendations for the prevention and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, 1993. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-12).
  15. Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Newell ML. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 1999;31(Suppl):96--100.
  16. Burns DN, Minkoff H. Hepatitis C: screening in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:1044.
  17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, July 1998. (Educational bulletin, no. 248.)
  18. American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Human immunodeficiency virus screening: joint statement of the AAP and ACOG. Pediatrics 1999;104:128.
  19. Institute of Medicine. Reducing the odds: preventing perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999.
  20. CDC. Revised US Public Health Service recommendations for human immunodeficiency virus screening of pregnant women. MMWR 2001;50(No. RR-19):59--86.
  21. CDC. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. 2001 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 28, 2001. Available at http://www.hivatis.org.
  22. CDC. Testing for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in the United States. MMWR (in press).
  23. Department of Health and Human Services, Henry J. Kaiser Foundation Panel on Clinical Practices for the Treatment of HIV Infection. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. US Department of Health and Human Services, February 4, 2002. Available at http://www.hivatis.org.
  24. Carpenter CJ, Cooper DA, Fischl MA, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in adults: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society---USA Panel. JAMA 2000;283:381--90.
  25. CDC. CDC National Prevention Plan. Federal Register 2002 (in press).
  26. CDC. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: principles of therapy and revised recommendations. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-20).
  27. CDC. HIV Prevention case management: guidance. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 1997.
  28. Fowler MG, Simonds RJ, Roongpisuthipong A. Update on perinatal HIV transmission. Pediatr Clin North Am 2000;47:241--60.
  29. CDC. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1 infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, February 4, 2002. Available at http://www.hivatis.org.
  30. CDC. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, August 8, 2001. Available at http://www.hivatis.org.
  31. Wald A. New therapies and prevention strategies for genital herpes. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28(Suppl):S4--S13.
  32. Bodsworth NJ, Crooks RJ, Borelli S, et al. Valaciclovir versus acyclovir in patient-initiated treatment of genital herpes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Genitourin Med 1997;73:110--6.
  33. Patel R, Bodsworth NJ, Wooley P, et al. Valaciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital HSV infection: a placebo controlled study of once-daily therapy. Genitourin Med 1997;73:105--9.
  34. Spruance S, Trying S, Degregorio B, Miller C, Beutner K, the Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. A large-scale, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of peroral valacyclovir for episodic treatment of recurrent herpes genitalis. Arch Int Med 1996;156:1729--35.
  35. Fife KH, Barbarash RA, Rudolph T, Degregorio B, Roth RE. Valaciclovir versus acyclovir in the treatment of first-episode genital herpes infection: results of an international, multicenter, double-blind randomized clinical trial. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:481--6.
  36. Reitano M, Tyring S, Lang W, et al. Valaciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection: a large-scale dose range-finding study. J Infect Dis 1998;178:603--10.
  37. Chosidow O, Drouault Y, Lecontae-Veyriac F, et al. Famciclovir vs. aciclovir in immunocompetent patients with recurrent genital herpes infections: a parallel-groups, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2001:144:818--24.
  38. Diaz-Mitoma F, Sibbald RG, Shafran SD, Boon R, Saltzman RL. Oral famciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280:887--92.
  39. Loveless M, Harris W, Sacks S. Treatment of first episode genital herpes with famciclovir. In: Programs and abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, California, 1995.
  40. Mertz GJ, Loveless MO, Levin MJ, et al. Oral famciclovir for suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection in women: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:343--9.
  41. Sacks SL, Aoki FY, Diaz-Mitoma F, Sellors J, Shafran SD. Patient-initiated, twice-daily oral famciclovir for early recurrent genital herpes: a randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. JAMA 1996;276:44--9.
  42. Henry RE, Wegmann JA, Hartle JE, Christopher GW. Successful oral acyclovir desensitization. Ann Allergy 1993;70:386--8.
  43. Reiff-Eldridge RA, Heffner CR, Ephross SA, Tennis PS, White AD, Andrews EB. Monitoring pregnancy outcomes after prenatal drug exposure through prospective pregnancy registries: a pharmaceutical company commitment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:159--63.
  44. Scott LL, Sanchez PJ, Jackson GL, Zeray F, Wendel GD, Jr. Acyclovir suppression to prevent cesarean delivery after first-episode genital herpes. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:69--73.
  45. Brocklehurst P, Kinghorn G, Carney O, et al. A randomised placebo controlled trial of suppressive acylovir in late pregnancy in women with recurrent genital herpes infection. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:275--80.
  46. Thorpe EM, Stamm WE, Hook EW, et al. Chlamydial cervicitis and urethritis: single dose treatment compared with doxycycline for seven days in community-based practices. Genitourin Med 1996;72:93--7.
  47. Stamm WE, Hicks CB, Martin DH, et al. Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men: a randomized double-blind study. JAMA 1995;274:545--9.
  48. Adair CD, Gunter M, Stovall TG, McElvoy G, Veille JC, Erment JM. Chlamydia in pregnancy: a randomized trial of azithromycin and erithromycin. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:165--8.
  49. Wehbeh HA, Ruggeirio RM, Shakem S, Lopez G, Ali Y. Single dose azithromycin for chlamydia in pregnant women. J Reprod Med 1998;43:509--14.
  50. Moran JS, Levine WC. Drugs of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(Suppl 1);S47--S65.
  51. Haimovici R, Roussel TJ. Treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis with single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;107:511--4.
  52. Hauth JC, Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW, DuBard MB, Copper RL. Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1732--6.
  53. Morales WJ, Schorr S, Albritton J. Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:345--9.
  54. McDonald HM, O'Loughlin JA, Vigneswaran R, et al. Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:1391--7.
  55. Jackson P, Ridley WJ, Pattison NS. Single dose metronidazole prophylaxis in gynaecological surgery. NZ Med J 1979;89:243--5.
  56. Willis AT. Metronidazole in the prevention and treatment of Bacteroides infections in gynaecological patients. Lancet 1974;2:1540--3.
  57. Persson E, Bergstrom M, Larsson PG, et al. Infections after hysterectomy: a prospective nationwide Swedish Study. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologiaca Scandinavica 1996;75:757--61.
  58. Larsson PG, Platz-Christensen JJ, Forsum U, Pahlson C. Clue cells in predicting infections after abdominal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:450--2.
  59. Newton ER, Prihoda TJ, Gibbs RS. A clinical and microbiologic analysis of risk factors for puerperal endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:402--6.
  60. Soper DE, Bump RC, Hurt WG. Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis vaginitis are risk factors for cuff cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1016--21.
  61. Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:52--8.
  62. Silver HM, Sperling RS, St. Clair PJ, Gibbs RS. Evidence relating bacterial vaginosis to intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:808--12.
  63. Bjornerem A, Aghajani E, Maltau JM, Moi H. Occurrence of bacterial vaginosis among abortion seekers. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 1997;117:1282--4.
  64. Hamark B, Forssman L. Postabortal endometritis in chlamydia-negative women---association with preoperative clinical signs of infection. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1991;31:102--5.
  65. Larsson PG, Bergman B, Forsum U, Platz-Christensen JJ, Pahlson C. Mobiluncus and clue cells as predictors of PID after first-trimester abortion. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1989;68:217--20.
  66. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M, Kiviat N, Holmes KK, Eschenbach DA. A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. New Engl J Med 1998;319:972--8.
  67. Livengood CH, III, Soper DE, Sheehan KL, et al. Comparison of once-daily and twice-daily dosing of 0.75% metronidazole gel in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:137--42.
  68. Sobel J, Peipert JF, McGregor JA, et al. Efficacy of clindamycin vaginal ovule vs. clindamycin vaginal cream in bacterial vaginosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2002 (in press).
  69. Moi H, Erkkola R, Jerve F, et al. Should male consorts of women with bacterial vaginosis be treated? Genitourin Med 1989;65:263--8.
  70. Colli E, Landoni M, Parazzini F, et al. Treatment of male partners and recurrence of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised trial. Genitourin Med 1997;73:267--70.
  71. Vejtorp M, Bollerup AC, Vejtorp L, et al. Bacterial vaginosis: a double-blind randomized trial of the effect of treatment of the sexual partner. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;95:920--6.
  72. McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W, et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1048--59.
  73. Joesoef MR, Hillier SL, Wiknjosastro G, et al. Intravaginal clindamycin treatment for bacterial vaginosis: effects on preterm delivery and low birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1527--31.
  74. Vermeulen GM, Bruinse HW. Prophylactic administration of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women with an increased recurrence risk: a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:652--7.
  75. Caro-Paton T, Carvajal A, Martin de Diego I, Martin-Arias LH, Alvarez Requejo A. Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:179--82.
  76. Burtin P, Taddio A, Ariburnu O, Einarson TR, Koren G. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:525--9.
  77. Piper JM, Mitchel EF, Ray WA. Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:348--52.
  78. Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Hauth JC, et al. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. New Engl J Med 2000;342:534--40.
  79. Hay PE, Ugwumadu AHN, Jeffrey I, Manvonda JT. Oral clindamycin prevents spontaneous preterm birth and mid trimester miscarriage in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis. Int J STD AIDS 2001;12(Suppl 2):70--1.
  80. Pearlman MD, Yashar C, Ernst S, Solomon W. An incremental dosing protocol for women with severe vaginal trichomoniasis and adverse reactions to metronidazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:934--6.
  81. Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC, et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. New Engl J Med 2001;345:487--93.
  82. Walker CK, Kahn JG, Washington AE, Peterson HB, Sweet RL. Pelvic inflammatory disease: meta-analysis of antimicrobial regimen efficacy. J Infect Dis 1993;168:969--78.
  83. Matsuda S. Clinical study of levofloxacin (LVFX) on the infectious diseases in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Chemotherapy 1992;40:311--23.
  84. Martens MG, Gordon S, Yarborough DR, Faro S, Binder D, Berkeley A. Multicenter randomized trial of ofloxacin versus cefoxitin and doxycycline in outpatient treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. South Med J 1993;86:604--10.
  85. Peipert JF, Sweet RL, Kahn J, Reilly-Gauvin K. Evaluation of ofloxacin in the treatment of laparoscopically documented acute pelvic inflammatory disease (salpingitis). Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999;7:138--44.
  86. Walker CK, Workowski KA, Washington AE, Soper D, Sweet RL. Anaerobes in pelvic inflammatory disease: implications for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28(Suppl 1):S29--S36.
  87. Witte EH, Peters AA, Smit IB, van der Linden MC, Mouton RP, van der Meer JW, van Erp EJ. A comparison of pefloxacin/metronidazole and doxycycline/metronidazole in the treatment of laparoscopically confirmed acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993;50:153--8.
  88. Ridgway GL, Bevan C, Siddle N. Azithromycin with or without metronidazole compared with cefoxitin, doxycycline and metronidazole in the treatment of laparoscopy confirmed acute pelvic inflammatory disease [Abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Meeting of the International Society for STD Research, New Orleans. Fort Lee, New Jersey: International Society for STD Research, 1995.
  89. Cohen CR, Sinei S, Reilly M, et al. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection upon acute salpingitis: a laparoscopic study. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1352--8.
  90. Bukesi EA, Cohen CR, Stevens CE, et al. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection on microbial origins of pelvic inflammatory disease and on efficacy of ambulatory oral therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;18:1374--81.
  91. Irwin KL, Moorman AC, O'Sullivan MJ, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:525--34.
  92. Kamb ML. Cervical cancer screening of women attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(Suppl 1): S98--S103.
  93. American Cancer Society. Guidelines for the cancer related checkup. Atlanta, Georgia: American Cancer Society, 1998.
  94. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Routine cancer screening: committee opinion 185. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1997.
  95. National Cancer Institute Workshop. The 1988 Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytological diagnoses. JAMA 1989;262:931--4.
  96. Jay N, Moscicki AB. Human papillomavirus infections in women with HIV disease: prevalence, risk, and management [Review]. AIDS Reader 2000;10:659--68.
  97. Kurman RJ, Henson DE, Herbst AL, Noller KL, Schiffman MH, National Cancer Institute Workshop. Interim guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology. JAMA 1994;271:1866--9.
  98. MacKellar DA, Valleroy LA, Secura GM, et al. Two decades after vaccine license: hepatitis B immunization and infection among young men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health 2001;91:965--71.
  99. CDC. Immunization of adolescents: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American Medical Association. MMWR 1996;45:1--5.
  100. Mast EE, Williams IT, Alter MJ, Margolis HS. Hepatitis B vaccination of adolescent and adult high-risk groups in the United States. Vaccine 1998;16(Suppl):S27--S29.
  101. Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J Med 1999;341:556--62.
  102. CDC. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR 1998;47(No.RR-19):1--39.
  103. Diegstag JL. Sexual and perinatal transmission of hepatitis C. Hepatology 1997:26(Suppl 1):S66--S70.
  104. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 1999;26(Suppl 1):S25--S65.
  105. Thomas DL, Zenilman JM, Alter MJ, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among patients attending Baltimore sexually transmitted disease clinics: an analysis of 309 sex partnerships. J Infect Dis 1995;171:768--75.
  106. Hisada M, O'Brien TR, Rosenberg PS, Goedert JJ. Virus load and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus by men with hemophilia: the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2000;181:1475--8.
  107. Bamberger JD, Waldo CR, Gerberding JL, Katz MH. Postexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection following sexual assault. Am J Med 1999;106:323--6.
  108. CDC. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of health care worker exposures to HIV and recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-7):1--33.
  109. American Academy of Pediatrics. Sexually transmitted disease in adolescents and children. In: Pickering LK, ed. 2000 Red book: report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000:138--47.
  110. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Guidelines for the evaluation of sexual abuse of children: subject review. Pediatrics 1999;103:186--91.
  111. Adams JA, Harper K, Krudson S. A proposed system for the classifications of anogenital findings in children with suspected child abuse. Adolesc Pediatr Gynecol 1992;5:73--5.
  112. Shapiro RA, Schubert CJ, Siegel R. Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in girls younger than 12 years of age evaluated for vaginitis. Pediatrics 1999;104:(e72):1--11.
  113. Lagerberg D. Sexually transmitted diseases in children: a serious consequence of sexual abuse and an indication of possible victimization of other children. Acta Pediatrica 1998;87:1214--7.
  114. Dominguez KL, Simonds RJ. Postexposure prophylaxis. In: Zeichner SL, Read JS, eds. Handbook of pediatric HIV care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999:294--318.

Abbreviations Used in This Publication

ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
ACOG American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
ACS American Cancer Society
AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ALT Alanine aminotransferase
anti-HBc Antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen
ASCUS Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance
BCA Bichloroacetic acid
BV Bacterial vaginosis
CBC Complete blood count
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CI Confidence interval
CIN Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CLD Chronic liver disease
CMV Cytomegalovirus
CNS Central nervous system
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
d4T Stavudine
ddC Dideoxycytodine
ddI Didanosine
DFA Direct fluorescent antibody
DGI Disseminated gonococcal infection
dL Deciliter
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EIA Enzyme immunoassay
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FTA-ABS Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed
gG glycoprotein G
GISP Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project
HAV Hepatitis A virus
HBIG Hepatitis B immune globulin
HBsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HCV Hepatitis C virus
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HPV Human papillomavirus
HSV Herpes simplex virus
HTLV-1 Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I
IDV Indinavir
IDU Injection drug user
IFA Immunofluorescence assay
IgE Immunoglobulin E
Ig Immune globulin
IgG Immunoglobulin G
IHPS Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
IM Intramuscularly
IV Intravenous or intravenously
kg Kilogram
KOH Potassium hydroxide
LGV Lymphogranuloma venereum
MAC Mycobacterium avium complex
mg Milligram
MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
MPC Mucopurulent cervicitis
MRL Microbiology Reference Library
MSM Men who have sex with men
N-9 Nonoxynol-9
NAAT Nucleic acid amplification test
NGU Nongonococcal urethritis
OTC Over-the-counter
Pap Papanicolaou
PCP Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PEP Postexposure prophylaxis
PID Pelvic inflammatory disease
PPD Purified protein derivative
PPV Positive predictive value
QRNG Quinolone resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
RIBA Recombinant immunoblot assay
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RPR Rapid plasma reagin
RT-PCR Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
RVVC Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
SAQ Saquinavir
SIL Squamous intraepithelial lesion
STD Sexually transmitted disease
TB Tuberculosis
TCA Trichloroacetic acid
TE Toxoplasmic encephalitis
TMP-SMX Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
TP-PA Treponema pallidum particle agglutation
TST Tuberculin skin test
VDRL Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
VFC Vaccines for children
VVC Vulvovaginal candidiasis
WB Western blot
WBC White blood count
ZDV Zidovudine
3TC Lamivudine

Consultants

Chairpersons: David Atkins, M.D., M.P.H., Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD; Kimberly A. Workowski, M.D., Division of STD Prevention, CDC and Emory University, Atlanta, GA.

Presenters: Adaora A. Adimora, M.D., M.P.H., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Michael H. Augenbraun, M.D., State University of New York (SUNY) Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY; Willard Cates, Jr., M.D., M.P.H., Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC; Jane Cecil, M.D., Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Lynne Fukumoto, UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA; Margaret Hammerschlag, M.D., SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY; Anne M. Rompalo, M.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Richard Rothenberg, M.D., Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Pablo J. Sanchez, M.D., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Bradley Stoner, M.D., Ph.D., Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Jane R. Schwebke, M.D., Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Anna Wald, M.D., M.P.H., University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl K. Walker, M.D., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; George D. Wendel, M.D., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Karen Wendel, M.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Dorothy J. Wiley, Ph.D., UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA; Jonathan M. Zenilman, M.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Moderators: King K. Holmes, M.D., Ph.D., Center for AIDS and STDs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Edward W. Hook, III, M.D., University of Alabama, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL; William McCormack, M.D., SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY. Rapporteurs: John M. Douglas, Jr., M.D., Denver Department of Public Health and University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO; H. Hunter Handsfield, M.D., University of Washington and Public Health-Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA; Walter Stamm, M.D., University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA.

Consultants: Gail Bolan, M.D., California Dept. of Health, Berkeley, CA; Toye H. Brewer, M.D., University of Miami, Miami, FL; Virginia A. Caine, M.D., Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, MN; Connie Celum, M.D., M.P.H., University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Myron S. Cohen, M.D., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Thomas A. Farley, M.D., M.P.H., Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA; Laura T. Gutman, M.D., Duke University, Durham, NC; Penelope J. Hitchcock, D.V.M., M.S., National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Sharon Hillier, Ph.D, Magee Women’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA; Franklyn N. Judson, M.D., Denver Department of Health, Denver, CO; David Martin, M.D., LSU Medical Center, New Orleans, LA; Daniel M. Musher, M.D., Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX; Newton G. Osborne, M.D., M.P.H., Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC; Jeff Peipert, M.D., M.P.H., Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI; Peter Rice, M.D., Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA; Mary Sawyer, M.D., Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Jack Sobel, M.D., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; David Soper, M.D., Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Lawrence R. Stanberry, M.D., Ph.D., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Barbara Stoll, M.D., Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Richard Sweet, M.D., Magee Women’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA; Eugene Washington, M.D., UCSF/Mt. Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Heather Watts, M.D., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

Liaison Participants: Vagan A. Akovbian, M.D., Ph.D., Russian Ministry of Health Central Institute, Moscow, Russia; Gale Burstein, M.D., M.P.H, American Academy of Pediatrics; Willa Brown, M.D., M.P.H., American College of Preventative Medicine; Mike Catchpole, M.D., PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance, England; Tom Cox, M.D., American Social Health Association; William Dumas, R.N., National Coalition of STD Directors; Antonio C. Gerbase, M.D., World Health Organization; Sharon Hillier, Ph.D., Infectious Disease Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Louella Klein, M.D., American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology; David J. Magid, M.D., M.P.H, Managed Care Colorado; Rafael Mazin, M.D., Pan American Health Organization; Gregory J. Moran, M.D., American College of Emergency Physicians; Donna Richmond, M.P.H., R.N., Association of Reproductive Health Professionals; Anthony Schaeffer, M.D., American Urological Association; Felicia Stewart, M.D., American Social Health Association; Stephen K. Tyring, M.D., Ph.D., American Academy of Dermatology; Leonard B. Weiner, M.D., American Academy of Pediatrics; Tom Wong, M.D., M.P.H., Health Canada.

CDC/Division of STD Prevention (DSTDP)/STD Treatment Guidelines 2002 Project Coordinators: Kimberly A. Workowski, M.D., DSTDP; William C. Levine, M.D., M.Sc., DSTDP.


Back to Table of Contents

Advertise on this site